The Impact of Refugee Crisis on Populism in Europe: a Supranational Analysis
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2021
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İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Popülizm, siyaset bilimi literatüründe son zamanlarda oldukça tartışılan bir konu olsa da tarihte ilk olarak 19.yüzyılın sonlarında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Rusya'da ortaya çıkması nedeniyle yeni bir kavram değildir. 20.yüzyılın ortalarında popülizm, ekonomik krizlerin etkisiyle Latin Amerika'ya yayılmıştır. Avrupa'da ise vergilendirmenin, küreselleşmenin, 2008 finansal krizinin, Euro bölgesi borç sorunun ve Avrupa Birliğinin genişlemesinin etkileri ile ilk olarak 20.yüzyılın sonlarında ve 21.yüzyılda yükselişe geçmiştir. 2015 yılında Suriye ve diğer Orta Doğu ülkelerinde yaşanan karışıklıklar nedeni ile ortaya çıkan mülteci krizi de popülizmin siyasi arenada yerini genişletmesine neden olmuştur. Bu durumun nedeni ise mevcut sistem ve seçkinlerden uzaklaşan; mültecileri, göçmenleri ve sığınmacıları kültürel ve ekonomik tehdit olarak algılayan insanların, alternatif partilere yönelmesidir. Böylece insanları seçkinlerin ve yabancıların karşısına yerleştirerek zıt bir ilişki kurma, insanların taleplerini ve egemenliğine öncelik verme, seçkinleri ve kurulu eleştirme, mültecilere karşı dışlayıcı tutumlar sergileme ve sosyo-kültürel bütünlük ile saflığın korunması destekleme gibi özellikler sergilen popülist partiler Avrupa'da ön plana çıkmıştır. Ancak, mevcut literatür ulusal düzeydeki popülizm çalışmalarına odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda söz konusu tez, Avrupa Parlamentosu'ndaki siyasi grupların söylemleri aracılığı ile uluslarüstü bir inceleme gerçekleştirerek popülizmin ulusal düzeyle sınırlı kalmadığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak ilgili tez, benzer popülist özellikler gösterseler de sağ ve sol kanat siyasi grupların popülist söylemlerinde birbirinden nasıl farklılaştığına ışık tutmaktadır.
Populism has recently been an enormously debated issue in the political science literature. However, populism is not a newly emerged concept in the literature because populism firstly appeared in the United States and Russia in the late 19th century. Then, it expanded to Latin America as a result of the economic crises in the mid-20th century. In Europe, on the other hand, populism firstly ascended in the late 20th and 21st centuries with the effects of taxation, globalization, 2008 financial crisis, Eurozone problem, and European enlargement and so on. The refugee crisis in 2015 also triggered populist parties to broaden their places in the political arena because people, who were alienated from the current system and elites and perceived the refugees, migrants and asylum seekers as cultural and economic threats, started to look for the political alternatives. Therefore, populist parties, which mainly have the features of creating antagonistic relations as "people vs. elites" and "people vs. strangers", prioritizing people's demands and sovereignty, criticizing the elites and establishment, having exclusionist attitudes toward refugees and supporting the socio-cultural integrity and purity, stood out in Europe. Nevertheless, the current literature focuses on populism studies at a national level. In this regard, this thesis indicates populism is not confined to national level by conducting a supranational analysis through the discourses of the political groups of the European Parliament. As a result, this study illustrates how the right-wing and left-wing political group differentiates from one another in their populist discourses despite having similar populist features.
Populism has recently been an enormously debated issue in the political science literature. However, populism is not a newly emerged concept in the literature because populism firstly appeared in the United States and Russia in the late 19th century. Then, it expanded to Latin America as a result of the economic crises in the mid-20th century. In Europe, on the other hand, populism firstly ascended in the late 20th and 21st centuries with the effects of taxation, globalization, 2008 financial crisis, Eurozone problem, and European enlargement and so on. The refugee crisis in 2015 also triggered populist parties to broaden their places in the political arena because people, who were alienated from the current system and elites and perceived the refugees, migrants and asylum seekers as cultural and economic threats, started to look for the political alternatives. Therefore, populist parties, which mainly have the features of creating antagonistic relations as "people vs. elites" and "people vs. strangers", prioritizing people's demands and sovereignty, criticizing the elites and establishment, having exclusionist attitudes toward refugees and supporting the socio-cultural integrity and purity, stood out in Europe. Nevertheless, the current literature focuses on populism studies at a national level. In this regard, this thesis indicates populism is not confined to national level by conducting a supranational analysis through the discourses of the political groups of the European Parliament. As a result, this study illustrates how the right-wing and left-wing political group differentiates from one another in their populist discourses despite having similar populist features.
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Siyasal Bilimler, Political Science, Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations, Avrupa Parlamentosu, European Parliament, Göçler, Migrations, Göçmenler, Emigrants, Halkçılık, Populism, Mülteciler, Refugees, Popülizm, Popülism, Sığınma, Asylum, Uluslararası göç, International migration
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203
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