Populism, Illiberal Freedom Perception, and Democratic Backsliding in Venezuela and Hungary, 2010-2017
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2021
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İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Popülist rejimlerde ekonomik özgürlük, siyasi özgürlük ve demokratik gerileme arasındaki ilişki, çoğunlukla popülistlerin temsil ettikleri insanların özgürlüklerini sınırlayan liberal olmayan özgürlük müdahaleleriyle açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Popülizmi, Kazin'in (2017) ve Bonikowski'nin (2016) tanımlarına dayanan ikna temelli söylemsel bir strateji olarak tanımlayarak bu tez, popülistlerin ikna edici illiberal söylemler yoluyla insanların özgürlük algısına müdahalelerinin de demokratik gerilemeye neden olabileceğinin altını çiziyor. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma popülistlerin gerçeklerden ziyade kişisel içgüdülere dayanan popülist post-hakikat propaganda (PPP) yoluyla halkın ekonomik ve siyasi özgürlük algısını illiberalleştirmeye çalıştığını ve böylece demokratik gerileme eğilimlerine neden olduğunu savunuyor. Bunu yaparken, popülistlerin halkın gözünde meşruiyet kazandıklarını ve halkın iradesiyle sorgulanabilirliklerini azalttığını iddia ediyor. Bu iddiaların Venezuela ve Macaristan vakaları için doğru görünüp görünmediğini kontrol etmek için bu çalışma, Chávez'in, Maduro'nun ve Orbán'ın PPP'lerini ve onların, eşitlikçilik, milliyetçilik ve yerlileştiricik nedenler kisvesi altında şekillenen ikna edici liberal olmayan özgürlük stratejileri karşılaştırmıştır. Her iki ülkenin de en azından hibrit rejim olarak kabul edildiği 2010-2017 yılları arasında karşılaştırmalı vaka çalışmalarını betimsel veri analizi ile birleştirerek karma yöntem araştırması uygulamıştır. Az sayıdaki vaka ve illiberal özgürlük algılarının sonuçlarını tam olarak gözlemleyememe gibi koşullar altında olmasına rağmen, bulgular, liberal olmayan özgürlük algısının, popülistlerin sorgulanabilirliğini azaltarak demokratik gerilemeye neden olma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu ortaya koydu. Ayrıca Maduro'nun ikna edici retoriğe sahip olmadığı için bu çalışmanın popülist profiline uymayabileceğinin de altını çizdi.
The correlation of economic freedom, political freedom, and democratic backsliding in populist regimes is mostly attempted to be explained with populists' illiberal freedom interventions that limit the freedoms of the people they represent. By defining populism as a persuasion-based discursive strategy based on Kazin's (2017) and Bonikowski's (2016) descriptions, this thesis underlines that populists' interventions to people's freedom perception through persuasive illiberal discourses may also cause democratic backsliding. Therefore, this study argues that populists seek to illiberalize people's economic and political freedom perception through populist post-truth propaganda (PPP) which is based on personal instincts rather than facts, thereby causing trends of democratic backsliding. It claims that in doing so, populists gain legitimacy in the eyes of the people and reduce their questionability through the people's will. To control whether these claims may seem to be true for Venezuela and Hungary cases, this study has compared Chávez's, Maduro's, and Orbán's PPP and their illiberal freedom strategies that were shaped under the guise of egalitarianism, nationalism, and nativism. By amalgamating comparative case studies with descriptive data analysis between 2010-2017 when both countries were recognized as at least a hybrid regime, it has applied mixed-method research. Although under conditions like the low number of cases and inabilities to fully observe the consequences of illiberal freedom perceptions, findings revealed that illiberal freedom perception has the potential to cause democratic backsliding by diminishing populists' questionability. It also underlined that Maduro may not fit the populist profile of this study because of not having persuasive rhetoric.
The correlation of economic freedom, political freedom, and democratic backsliding in populist regimes is mostly attempted to be explained with populists' illiberal freedom interventions that limit the freedoms of the people they represent. By defining populism as a persuasion-based discursive strategy based on Kazin's (2017) and Bonikowski's (2016) descriptions, this thesis underlines that populists' interventions to people's freedom perception through persuasive illiberal discourses may also cause democratic backsliding. Therefore, this study argues that populists seek to illiberalize people's economic and political freedom perception through populist post-truth propaganda (PPP) which is based on personal instincts rather than facts, thereby causing trends of democratic backsliding. It claims that in doing so, populists gain legitimacy in the eyes of the people and reduce their questionability through the people's will. To control whether these claims may seem to be true for Venezuela and Hungary cases, this study has compared Chávez's, Maduro's, and Orbán's PPP and their illiberal freedom strategies that were shaped under the guise of egalitarianism, nationalism, and nativism. By amalgamating comparative case studies with descriptive data analysis between 2010-2017 when both countries were recognized as at least a hybrid regime, it has applied mixed-method research. Although under conditions like the low number of cases and inabilities to fully observe the consequences of illiberal freedom perceptions, findings revealed that illiberal freedom perception has the potential to cause democratic backsliding by diminishing populists' questionability. It also underlined that Maduro may not fit the populist profile of this study because of not having persuasive rhetoric.
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Siyasal Bilimler, Political Science, Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations, Demokratikleşme, Democratization, Liberal olmayan özgürlük algısı, Illiberal freedom perception, Macaristan, Hungary, Popülizm, Popülism, Venezuella, Venezuela, Özgürlük, Freedom
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116
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