Zhao, ZhongqiuKong, Lingkai2025-11-032025-11-0320250022-41971573-6571https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-025-02452-xhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14365/6532This study aims to investigate the peculiarities of spiritual mediumship practices in rural and urban regions of China. The sample of respondents was formed from 246 rural residents and 242 urban residents from different regions of China. A specially designed semi-structured questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-cultural study. The study also utilized a psychodiagnostic tool to determine the level of social frustration. The results have revealed that urban and rural residents, regardless of their religious beliefs, have a positive attitude toward folk religion. It is concluded that the archetypal nature of folk religious beliefs and practices, combined with socio-psychological factors, provides a sense of confidence and stability. This allows individuals to gain life guidance and transcendental experience. Prospective research is expected to be directed at a targeted study of the features of the influence of socio-psychological factors on attitudes toward religion and spiritual practices in urban and rural areas, depending on geographical location, age, and gender differences. Further research is planned to focus on a comparative study of the social influence of the most common religions and beliefs (Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam), taking into account geographical, age, and gender factors.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessChinaFolk BeliefsMediumshipReligionUrbanismArticle10.1007/s10943-025-02452-x2-s2.0-105016744351