Kong, Lingkai2025-11-032025-11-0320252409-9252https://doi.org/10.3390/histories5030035https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14365/6529Johannes Althusius (1563-1638) was a pioneer of early modern federalism. Opposing Jean Bodin's theory of absolute sovereignty, his theory, centered on association and symbiosis, laid the groundwork for later concepts such as associationalism, consociationalism, and the principle of subsidiarity. While his ideas have been rediscovered and reinterpreted by scholars since the 20th century, systematic research on his federalist framework, especially contrasting it with rival theories of that time, remains insufficient. This article addresses this research gap by systematically exploring Althusius's federalism. It argues that Althusius's covenant-based, multi-level associational/federal framework provided a counter-theory to the concept of absolute sovereignty. Systematically studying his federalism not only helps to restore his federalist ideas to their rightful place in the history of federalist thought, but also provides insights for contemporary governance paradigms struggling with modern pluralism.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessJohannes AlthusiusFederalismAssociationSymbiosisSovereigntyArticle10.3390/histories5030035