Effect of Telerehabilitation-Based Motor Imagery Training on Pain and Related Factors in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the effect of telerehabilitation-based graded motor imagery (MI, GMI) training on pain and pain-related factors in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design: Randomized controlled, assessor-blind pilot trial with repeated-measure design. Setting: Neurology outpatient clinic. Participants: Thirty-two people with MS were randomly allocated to intervention (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. Interventions: During the 8-week GMI training period, the first 2 weeks involved implicit MI training while 6 weeks of explicit MI training were conducted. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the general pain intensity over the past 2 days, assessed with a visual analog scale, with a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of 23 mm. Secondary outcomes included general pain and specific body parts' pain intensity over the past 7 days, neuropathic pain intensity, MI ability, fatigue, depression, anxiety, quality of life, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive functions scores. Assessments were conducted at baseline, at weeks 8 (post-treatment) and 12 (follow-up). Results: The intervention group demonstrated a significant reduction in pain intensity over the past 2 days compared with control group (P<.05). Furthermore, at the 8-week assessment, the intervention group surpassed the MCID in pain intensity over the past 2 and 7 days (P<.05), whereas no significant change was observed in the control group (P>.05). Significant effects were observed post-treatment on general pain over the past 7 days, neuropathic pain, MI ability, fatigue, depression, quality of life, processing speed, and visuospatial memory within intervention group compared with control group (P<.05). However, the effect on anxiety, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and verbal memory between groups was not significant (P>.05). Conclusions: Telerehabilitation-based GMI training stands out as viable for the management of chronic pain and pain-related psychosocial symptoms for people with MS.