Correlation Between the Plastic Energy Associated With the Equivalent Monotonic Response and the Maximum Hysteretic Energy Using the Gauss-Newton Algorithm

Abstract

This study aims to improve seismic energy dissipation assessment by estimating the energy factor (Formula presented.), defined as the ratio of plastic energy from an equivalent monotonic response to maximum hysteretic energy. The transformation to an equivalent monotonic form provides a simplified representation of complex cyclic behavior, enabling reliable comparison and practical application in seismic design. Nonlinear time history analyses are conducted on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems using 56 pulse-like and non-pulse-like ground motions from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık earthquake. Results show strong agreement between (Formula presented.) -spectra and regression models, validating the effectiveness of the Gauss-Newton algorithm across structural periods and inelastic behavior. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.