United States and Russia in the Arctic Energy Future: Rivalry or Harmony?
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2014
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İzmir Ekonomi Üniversitesi
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Abstract
Arktik Bölgesi daha önce keşfedilmemiş bir alan olmasa da, özellikle 2000'li yılların başından itibaren bir dizi olaylar zinciri Bölge'deki enerji kaynaklarının önem kazanmasını sağlamıştır. Amerika'nın 2008 yılında açıklamış olduğu jeolojik çalışma, dünyanın keşfedilmemiş petrol ve doğal gaz kaynaklarının neredeyse bir çeyreğini içinde barındıran Arktik'i yeni enerji bölgesi olarak atfetmiş ve Bölge'ye olan ilginin artmasındaki en temel itici gücü yaratmıştır. İlerleyen yıllarda, Arktik Bölgesi'ndeki muhtemel petrol ve doğal gaz üretim potansiyeli, bu üretimi belirleyecek olan temel motivasyonlar ve engeller üzerine pek çok bilimsel ve akademik çalışma yürütülmüştür. Arktik Bölgesi'ne ilişkin mevcut genel literatürden farklı olarak, bu çalışma Bölge'nin iki büyük gücü olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Rusya Federasyonu'na odaklanmaktadır. Bu iki tarihsel rakip için Arktik Bölgesi'nin önemini analiz etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışma, bu devletlerin Ulusal Arktik Stratejilerini, uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden realizmin temel prensipleri ve enerji güvenliği kavramı doğrultusunda değerlendirmektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışma, oyun teorisinin üç modeli (sıfır-toplamlı oyun, pozitif-toplamlı oyun ve negatif-toplamlı oyun) üzerine kurulmuştur. Uluslararası ilişkiler tarihinde en muhtemel model sıfır-toplamlı oyun olsa da, uluslararası ilişkilerin de zaman içinde değişen doğasını göz önünde bulundurarak bu çalışma diğer iki alternatif model üzerine de açıklama getirmektedir. Arktik'in geleceğini belirleyecek faktör ise rekabet ya da iş birliği arzusu olacaktır.
The Arctic is not a newly discovered region; however, a series of chain of events has increased attention for the Arctic energy resources especially since the beginning of 2000s. The most distinct driving force behind these events was the estimation of the United States' (US) geological survey in 2008 that attributed the Arctic as a new energy region with nearly one quarter of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas deposits. Afterwards, many scientific and academic studies have been conducted about the future potential of the oil and natural gas production in the Arctic as well as motivations and obstacles behind this production. As differ from the existed general literature on the Artic, this study mostly focuses on the two Great Powers of the Arctic: The United States of America and the Russian Federation. This study intends to analyze the Arctic Region's significance for these two historical rivals, basing upon the National Arctic Strategies of those through the international relations theories, mainly realism, and the concept of energy security. Within this approach, the study is constructed three scenarios based upon the three pillars of the game theory: zero-sum game, positive-sum game and negative-sum game. Although the zero-sum game is traditionally the most probable model in the international relations, the study also provides two different scenarios as the structure of the international relations has changed in the course of time. The will to cooperate or compete will determine the future of the Arctic.
The Arctic is not a newly discovered region; however, a series of chain of events has increased attention for the Arctic energy resources especially since the beginning of 2000s. The most distinct driving force behind these events was the estimation of the United States' (US) geological survey in 2008 that attributed the Arctic as a new energy region with nearly one quarter of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas deposits. Afterwards, many scientific and academic studies have been conducted about the future potential of the oil and natural gas production in the Arctic as well as motivations and obstacles behind this production. As differ from the existed general literature on the Artic, this study mostly focuses on the two Great Powers of the Arctic: The United States of America and the Russian Federation. This study intends to analyze the Arctic Region's significance for these two historical rivals, basing upon the National Arctic Strategies of those through the international relations theories, mainly realism, and the concept of energy security. Within this approach, the study is constructed three scenarios based upon the three pillars of the game theory: zero-sum game, positive-sum game and negative-sum game. Although the zero-sum game is traditionally the most probable model in the international relations, the study also provides two different scenarios as the structure of the international relations has changed in the course of time. The will to cooperate or compete will determine the future of the Arctic.
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Keywords
Enerji, Energy, Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, United States of America, Arktik Okyanusu, Arctic Ocean, Enerji, Energy, Enerji politikaları, Energy policies, Rekabet, Competition, Rusya, Russia, Uluslararası işbirliği, International cooperation, Uluslararası rekabet, International competition, İşbirliği, Cooperation
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