Ölü Kilometre Minimizasyonuna Dayalı Otobüs Garajlarındaki İş Yükünün Dengelenmesi
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Date
2025
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Abstract
Toplu taşıma sistemlerinde bakım, personel ve yakıt giderleri temel maliyet bileşenlerini oluşturmaktadır. Yolcu taşımacılığından değil, operasyonel hareketlerden kaynaklanan ölü kilometrelerin azaltılması; yakıt harcamalarının düşürülmesi ve çevresel etkilerin azaltılmasında kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma, yalnızca ölü kilometre maliyetlerini en aza indirmeyi değil, aynı zamanda otobüs garajlarında görev yapan bakım personeline düşen iş yükünü dengelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın önemi, mevcut literatürde hem ölü kilometreleri hem de bakım personelinin iş yükü dağılımını eşzamanlı olarak ele alan herhangi bir çalışmanın bulunmamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışma iki ana aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk aşamada, her hat için planlanan otobüs sayısı, garaj giriş-çıkış frekansları ve otobüs tiplerine göre yakıt tüketim oranları dikkate alınarak ölü kilometre maliyetlerini minimize eden bir matematiksel model geliştirilmiştir. Bu model, her garaj için gerekli otobüs tipi ve sayısını belirleyerek ölü kilometre maliyetlerini azaltmayı hedeflemektedir. İkinci aşamada ise, farklı otobüs markalarına ait arıza ağırlıkları analiz edilmiş ve bakım personeline düşen iş yükünü dengelemek amacıyla, marka bazlı arıza özellikleri ile personel kapasitesi dikkate alınarak bir optimizasyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Her iki modelden elde edilen sonuçlar, mevcut atama ve iş yükü dağılımıyla karşılaştırılmış; buna yönelik istatistiksel analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, ölü kilometreye ilişkin maliyetlerde %19 azalma ve iş yükü dengesinde %53 iyileşme olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, her iki amacın birlikte optimize edilmesinin operasyonel verimlilik ve insan kaynakları yönetimi açısından önemini açıkça vurgulamaktadır.
In public transportation systems, maintenance, personnel, and fuel expenses constitute the main cost components. Reducing deadhead kilometers—which arise from operational movements rather than passenger transport—plays a critical role in lowering fuel expenditures and mitigating environmental impacts. This study aims not only to minimize the cost of deadhead kilometers but also to balance the workload per maintainer at bus garages. The significance of the study lies in the fact that no prior research has simultaneously addressed both deadhead trips and the workload distribution of maintenance personnel in the existing literature. The study is structured in two main stages. In the first stage, a mathematical model is developed to minimize deadhead trip costs by considering the planned number of buses for each route, garage entry–exit frequencies, and fuel consumption rates based on bus types. This model determines the optimal number and type of buses required for each garage to minimize deadhead distance costs. In the second stage, failure severity weights for different bus brands are analyzed, and an optimization model is constructed to balance the workload per maintainer, taking into account brand-specific failure characteristics and personnel capacity. The results obtained from both models are compared with the current allocation and workload distribution, and a statistical analysis is performed accordingly. The findings reveal a 19% reduction in deadhead-related costs and a 53% improvement in workload balance. These results highlight the importance of jointly optimizing both objectives to enhance operational efficiency and support effective human resource management in public transportation systems.
In public transportation systems, maintenance, personnel, and fuel expenses constitute the main cost components. Reducing deadhead kilometers—which arise from operational movements rather than passenger transport—plays a critical role in lowering fuel expenditures and mitigating environmental impacts. This study aims not only to minimize the cost of deadhead kilometers but also to balance the workload per maintainer at bus garages. The significance of the study lies in the fact that no prior research has simultaneously addressed both deadhead trips and the workload distribution of maintenance personnel in the existing literature. The study is structured in two main stages. In the first stage, a mathematical model is developed to minimize deadhead trip costs by considering the planned number of buses for each route, garage entry–exit frequencies, and fuel consumption rates based on bus types. This model determines the optimal number and type of buses required for each garage to minimize deadhead distance costs. In the second stage, failure severity weights for different bus brands are analyzed, and an optimization model is constructed to balance the workload per maintainer, taking into account brand-specific failure characteristics and personnel capacity. The results obtained from both models are compared with the current allocation and workload distribution, and a statistical analysis is performed accordingly. The findings reveal a 19% reduction in deadhead-related costs and a 53% improvement in workload balance. These results highlight the importance of jointly optimizing both objectives to enhance operational efficiency and support effective human resource management in public transportation systems.
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Endüstri Ve Endüstri Mühendisliği, Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri, Filo Atama Problemi, Kaynak Dağıtım Modelleri, Otobüs Taşımacılığı, Toplu Taşımacılık, Industrial And Industrial Engineering, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Fleet Assignment Problem, Resource Allocation Models, Bus Transportation, Public Transportation
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76
