User Experience Analysis in Spatial Perception: A Hybrid Study Using Eye-Tracking and Think-Aloud (ETA)

Abstract

The perception of space plays a vital role in architectural design by shaping functional and sustainable environments centered on user experience. Integrating user feedback on spatial perception and interaction has become essential for creating responsive, user-centered design solutions (Sterk, 2006). Spatial perception arises from the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environment, involving observation, evaluation, and interpretation through various physical cues (Wei et al., 2021). This study investigates how architects and non-architects differ in perceiving space by analyzing their visual attention and interpretive processes. Images used in the study were selected based on the presence of architectural elements, greenery, and color. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative eye-tracking data with qualitative verbalizations to offer a nuanced understanding of spatial perception. To address the limitations of conventional eye-tracking—which lacks contextual interpretation—this research examines the link between visual attention and cognitive perception. The study was conducted in controlled settings using targeted visual stimuli to objectively assess participants’ gaze patterns and cognitive responses. Findings reveal that architects tend to identify design intentions, while non-architects focus more on natural elements and sensory impressions, influenced by personal spatial experiences. Differences may stem from the absence of a design task during perception. © 2025, Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe. All rights reserved.