Uluslararası Andlaşmalar ve Özel Hukuk Sözleşmelerinin Emredici Kurallar Üzerinden Bir Kesişme Noktası: Enstitü Yük Klozları (A) Madde 5.1 Örneği Üzerine Bir İnceleme
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Abstract
Andlaşmalar, devletlerarası ve devletlerle uluslararası örgütler arası ilişkilerde uygulanan hukukun başlıca kaynakları arasında yer alır. Tanımı gereği, uluslararası hukukun asli süjeleri arasında yazılı olarak yapılan ve uluslararası hukuka tabi tutulan metinler olan andlaşmalar zaman zaman özel hukuk kişilerinin işlemlerinin hukuki çerçevesine de etki eder. Uluslararası niteliği olsa da özel hukuk kişileri arasında yapılmış olduğu için “andlaşma olmayan” yazılı anlaşmalar ise kural olarak, özel hukuk kişileri için hüküm ifade eder ve bu ilişkiye de özel hukuk kuralları uygulanır ancak hukuki rejimlerinde iki yönlü istisna devam eder; bir yandan, uluslararası andlaşmanın konuları içinde olması bir özel hukuk sözleşmesini uluslararası kamu hukukun normatif çerçevesine dahil ederken diğer yandan, bu anlaşmaların özel hukuk niteliği devletin kamu düzenine ilişkin ulusal kuralları aracılığıyla bu anlaşmalara müdahalesine de engel oluşturmaz. Yabancılık unsurları taşıyan uluslararası ticaret hukukunun konusunu oluşturan özel hukuk nitelikli bir anlaşma, bir devletin ulusal nitelikli kamu düzeni kuralları ve emredici kurallar aracılığıyla sınırlandırılabilir. Bu bağlamda, ulusal özel hukuka tabi sözleşmelerin atıf yapabildiği Enstitü Yük Klozları (Institute Cargo Clauses) metni dikkat çekici bir örnek oluşturur.
Treaties are among the main sources of law applied in interstate relations and relations between states and international organizations. By definition, treaties-texts made in writing between the primary subjects of international law and subject to international law-sometimes also affect the legal framework of transactions between private law entities. Although they have an international character, written agreements made between private law persons that are not considered “treaties” generally apply only to those private parties, and private law rules govern such relations. However, there are two-way exceptions in their legal regime: on the one hand, if a private law contract falls within the subjects of an international treaty, it becomes included in the normative framework of international public law; on the other hand, the private law nature of these agreements does not prevent the state from intervening in them through its national rules concerning public order. A private-law agreement with international trade law elements can be restricted through a state’s national public order rules and mandatory provisions. In this context, the Institute Cargo Clauses text, which private-law contracts subject to national law may refer to, provides a notable example.
Treaties are among the main sources of law applied in interstate relations and relations between states and international organizations. By definition, treaties-texts made in writing between the primary subjects of international law and subject to international law-sometimes also affect the legal framework of transactions between private law entities. Although they have an international character, written agreements made between private law persons that are not considered “treaties” generally apply only to those private parties, and private law rules govern such relations. However, there are two-way exceptions in their legal regime: on the one hand, if a private law contract falls within the subjects of an international treaty, it becomes included in the normative framework of international public law; on the other hand, the private law nature of these agreements does not prevent the state from intervening in them through its national rules concerning public order. A private-law agreement with international trade law elements can be restricted through a state’s national public order rules and mandatory provisions. In this context, the Institute Cargo Clauses text, which private-law contracts subject to national law may refer to, provides a notable example.
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Hukuk
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234
Start Page
141
End Page
157
