WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14365/5

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 1200

Citation - WoS: 1893
Citation - Scopus: 2230
1d Convolutional Neural Networks and Applications: a Survey
(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Kiranyaz, Serkan; Avcı, Onur; Abdeljaber, Osama; İnce, Türker; Gabbouj, Moncef; Inman, Daniel J.
During the last decade, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become the de facto standard for various Computer Vision and Machine Learning operations. CNNs are feed-forward Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with alternating convolutional and subsampling layers. Deep 2D CNNs with many hidden layers and millions of parameters have the ability to learn complex objects and patterns providing that they can be trained on a massive size visual database with ground-truth labels. With a proper training, this unique ability makes them the primary tool for various engineering applications for 2D signals such as images and video frames. Yet, this may not be a viable option in numerous applications over 1D signals especially when the training data is scarce or application specific. To address this issue, 1D CNNs have recently been proposed and immediately achieved the state-of-the-art performance levels in several applications such as personalized biomedical data classification and early diagnosis, structural health monitoring, anomaly detection and identification in power electronics and electrical motor fault detection. Another major advantage is that a real-time and low-cost hardware implementation is feasible due to the simple and compact configuration of 1D CNNs that perform only 1D convolutions (scalar multiplications and additions). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the general architecture and principals of 1D CNNs along with their major engineering applications, especially focused on the recent progress in this field. Their state-of-the-art performance is highlighted concluding with their unique properties. The benchmark datasets and the principal 1D CNN software used in those applications are also publicly shared in a dedicated website. While there has not been a paper on the review of 1D CNNs and its applications in the literature, this paper fulfills this gap. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
25-Hydroxyvitamin Levels in Sjögren’s Syndrome: Is It the Right Time to Dismiss the Case or Not
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024) Sımsır, Ilgın Yıldırım; Tanigor, Goksel; Karabulut, Gonca; Barutcuoglu, Burcu; Yılmaz, Zevcet
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SjS) have different levels of 25 OH-D3 (vitamin D) when compared to healthy populations and whether differences in 25 OH-D3 correlated with disease activity or markers. Methods: Eighty-eight female patients with SjS and 3,338 age-matched healthy female controls were included in this study. 25 OH-D3 levels were compared with healthy controls. Then the patients were stratified according to their 25 OH-D3 levels, either insufficient/deficient or normal (<50 nmol/L or ≥50 nmol/L). The disease activity was evaluated using The EULAR SjS disease activity index (ESSDAI) and its components. Correlation analyses were also performed for a possible correlation with disease characteristics and markers of activity. Results: No differences in 25 OH-D3 levels were found between SjS and healthy populations (p>0.05). No correla- tions were found between patient characteristics or labo- ratory values (p>0.05). Conclusions: This study did not find a link between disease characteristics and disease activity and 25 OH-D3 levels. Prospective studies with more patients should be conducted to reach a conclusion.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 2
2d Model of a Biomass Single Particle Pyrolysis-Analysis of the Influence of Fiber Orientation on the Thermal Decomposition Process
(Mdpi, 2025) Hercel, Paulina; Orhon, Atahan; Jozwik, Michal; Kardas, Dariusz
Understanding the influence of heat transfer on the pyrolysis process is crucial for optimizing industrial biofuel production processes. While numerous scientific studies focus on experimental investigations of pyrolysis using laboratory-scale devices, many neglect the essential role of thermal energy in initiating and controlling thermal decomposition processes. This study presents a transient two-dimensional numerical model of biomass single-particle pyrolysis, which includes the energy balance, mass conservation equations and pyrolysis gas pressure and velocity equations. The model employs explicit numerical methods to manage the high computational demands of 2D transient simulations, but is successfully validated with the use of experimental data found in the literature. The model reflects the heterogeneous structure of wood by using different thermal conductivity coefficients depending on the wooden fibers' orientation. The results demonstrate the impact of fiber orientation on the heat transfer and thermal decomposition processes. The anisotropic properties of wood led to varied temperature fields and pyrolysis decomposition stages, aligning well with experimental data, thus validating the model's accuracy. The proposed approach can provide a better understanding and lead to improvement in biofuel production processes, enabling more efficient and controlled conversion of biomass into fuel. By optimizing the pyrolysis process, it contributes to the development of sustainable energy preservation and regeneration methods, supporting a shift towards more sustainable fuel production patterns using renewable biomass resources like wood.
Citation - WoS: 6
Citation - Scopus: 7
2db: a Proteomics Database for Storage, Analysis, Presentation, and Retrieval of Information From Mass Spectrometric Experiments
(Biomed Central Ltd, 2008) Allmer, Jens; Kuhlgert, Sebastian; Hippler, Michael
Background: The amount of information stemming from proteomics experiments involving (multi dimensional) separation techniques, mass spectrometric analysis, and computational analysis is ever-increasing. Data from such an experimental workflow needs to be captured, related and analyzed. Biological experiments within this scope produce heterogenic data ranging from pictures of one or two-dimensional protein maps and spectra recorded by tandem mass spectrometry to text-based identifications made by algorithms which analyze these spectra. Additionally, peptide and corresponding protein information needs to be displayed. Results: In order to handle the large amount of data from computational processing of mass spectrometric experiments, automatic import scripts are available and the necessity for manual input to the database has been minimized. Information is in a generic format which abstracts from specific software tools typically used in such an experimental workflow. The software is therefore capable of storing and cross analysing results from many algorithms. A novel feature and a focus of this database is to facilitate protein identification by using peptides identified from mass spectrometry and link this information directly to respective protein maps. Additionally, our application employs spectral counting for quantitative presentation of the data. All information can be linked to hot spots on images to place the results into an experimental context. A summary of identified proteins, containing all relevant information per hot spot, is automatically generated, usually upon either a change in the underlying protein models or due to newly imported identifications. The supporting information for this report can be accessed in multiple ways using the user interface provided by the application. Conclusion: We present a proteomics database which aims to greatly reduce evaluation time of results from mass spectrometric experiments and enhance result quality by allowing consistent data handling. Import functionality, automatic protein detection, and summary creation act together to facilitate data analysis. In addition, supporting information for these findings is readily accessible via the graphical user interface provided. The database schema and the implementation, which can easily be installed on virtually any server, can be downloaded in the form of a compressed file from our project webpage.
3D dendritic spine segmentation using nonparametric shape priors
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Bocugoz E.; Erdil E.; Argunsah A.O.; Unay D.; Cetin M.
Analyzing morphological and structural changes of dendritic spines in 2-photon microscopy images in time is important for neuroscience researchers. Correct segmentation of dendritic spines is an important step of developing robust and reliable automatic tools for such analysis. In this paper, we propose an approach for segmentation of 3D dendritic spines using nonparametric shape priors. The proposed method learns the prior distribution of shapes through Parzen density estimation on the training set of shapes. Then, the posterior distribution of shapes is obtained by combining the learned prior distribution with a data term in a Bayesian framework. Finally, the segmentation result that maximizes the posterior is found using active contours. Experimental results demonstrate that using nonparametric shape priors leads to better 3D dendritic spine segmentation results. © 2017 IEEE.
44th Febs Congress, From Molecules To Living Systems (2019) Posters (vol 9, Pg 65, 2019)
(Wiley, 2019) Said, Harun Muayad; Gul, Guler; Akdoğan, Gül; Soysal, Yasemin
[Abstract Not Available]
Citation - WoS: 1
Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia With Focal Cryoablation, Compared With Radiofrequency Ablation: Single-Center Experience
(Arquivos Brasileiros Cardiologia, 2024) Topaloğlu, Caner; Fici, Francesco; Van de Borne, Philippe; Taşkın, Uğur; Doğduş, Mustafa; Saygı, Serkan; Tengiz, İstemihan
Background: The ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with cryoablation is an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) ablation in patients due to the low risk of total atrioventricular block. An increase in early-late recurrences after cryoablation is reported as an important disadvantage. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to compare the acute procedural success and the long-term recurrence rates of patients, with AVNRT who underwent methods. Methods: 73 patients with AVNRT were included in the study: 32 with cryoablation and 41 with RF ablation. There was no statistically significant difference between acute procedural success in methods. The ablation procedure was performed by an operator experienced in arrhythmology. The choice of RF or cryoablation was made in the electrophysiology laboratory based on the material already available during the procedure. After the procedure, the patients were evaluated every 3 months for 2 years in polyclinic control. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results: The 2 groups of patients were homogeneous. The fluoroscopy time (p<0.001) was shorter, but atrium-his (p=0.004) and his-ventricular (p=0.015) times were longer in the cryoablation group. There was no significant difference, in terms of acute procedural success, post-procedure jump without a single echo, and presence of echo and jump. Conclusions: Cryoablation requires less fluoroscopy time and is a safe non-inferior alternative to RF ablation in patients with AVNRT. The risk of AV block is a significant problem with the use of RF energy, making it less suitable for use in young and physically active patients.
Citation - WoS: 9
Citation - Scopus: 8
Abnormal Cross Frequency Coupling of Brain Electroencephalographic Oscillations Related To Visual Oddball Task in Parkinson's Disease With Mild Cognitive Impairment
(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Bayraktaroglu, Zubeyir; Akturk, Tuba; Yener, Görsev; de Graaf, Tom A.; Hanoglu, Lutfu; Yildirim, Ebru; Gunduz, Duygu Hunerli; Güntekin, Bahar
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by degeneration in dopaminergic neurons. During the disease course, most of PD patients develop mild cognitive impairment (PDMCI) and dementia, especially affecting frontal executive functions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PDMCI patients may be characterized by abnormal neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms coupling frontal and posterior cortical areas during cognitive information processing. To test this hypothesis, event-related EEG oscillations (EROs) during counting visual target (rare) stimuli in an oddball task were recorded in healthy controls (HC; N = 51), cognitively unimpaired PD patients (N = 48), and PDMCI patients (N = 53). Hilbert transform served to estimate instantaneous phase and amplitude of EROs from delta to gamma frequency bands, while modulation index computed ERO phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) at electrode pairs. As compared to the HC and PD groups, the PDMCI group was characterized by (1) more posterior topography of the delta-theta PAC and (2) reversed delta-low frequency alpha PAC direction, ie, posterior-to-anterior rather than anterior-to-posterior. These results suggest that during cognitive demands, PDMCI patients are characterized by abnormal neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms mainly led by delta frequencies underpinning functional connectivity from frontal to parietal cortical areas.
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
About The Article Titled “a Different Scintigraphic Perspective On The Systolic Function Of The Left Ventricle-1” [“sol Ventrikül Sistolik Fonksiyonuna Sintigrafik Olarak Farklı Bir Bakış Açısı-1” Başlıklı Makale Hakkında]
(Galenos Publishing House, 2024) Taşçı, Cengiz; Tascs, Cengiz
[No abstract available]
Citation - WoS: 1
Citation - Scopus: 1
Abstinence-Related Motivational Engagement Scale: Validity and Reliability in Turkish People
(Bilimsel Tip Publishing House, 2018) Yavan, Tulay; Gulesen, Asli; Bebis, Hatice
OBJECTIVES: This research aimed to conduct a validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the abstinence-related motivational engagement (ARME) scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 122 people and was administered in a smoking cessation clinic. The sociodemographic-smoking status characteristics questionnaire and the ARME scale were used for data collection. A psycholinguistic language adaptation was performed. In the validity, analyses, content, construct, and criterion-related validities were used. For content validity, expert evaluation was performed. For construct validity, principal component analyses (exploratory factor analyses) were performed. Orthogonal (Varimax) rotation was used to explore multiple factors. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was used to assess the adequacy of the sample size. For criterion-related validity, we compared the ARME scale points of people who were abstinent and had relapse for smoking at the end of the sixth month. In the reliability analysis, standard deviation (SD) and item analysis, internal consistency, and test-retest methods were used. RESULTS: The four factors explain 58% of the total variance. Items have factor loading between 0.409 and 0.805. When the factor structure of the scale was assessed, the items in each factor group have a factor load of at least 0.40. Due to one-dimensional use of the original scale, it has been decided to maintain this scale in its original form. The ARME scale points of people who quit smoking were statistically higher than the points of people who had relapse at the end of the sixth month. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were between 0.846 and 0.763. Significant and positive correlation was found between the test-retest scale scores. CONCLUSION: The Turkish adaptation of the ARME scale, which was developed for adults who quitted smoking, is an adequately valid and reliable measurement instrument. It is considered that the scale might be used reliably in different cultures as well.
Citation - Scopus: 1
Academic Performance Management Policy for Changing Roles of Universities in Innovation Systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Ozcan S.; Ozyazici M.S.; Ozerdem M.B.
The purpose of this study is to establish a new performance measurement method for academic actors for their changing roles in innovation systems. The widely accepted triple helix and systems of innovation models show changing and overlapping roles of academic, industrial and governmental actors. In previous innovation systems, universities were not focused on applied research and technology transfer as much as they are now. Current literature shows a changing role of universities and importance of their involvement in innovation systems. Although academic organizations' roles have changed in innovation systems, academic performance measurement systems (APMS) are not adapted to examine innovation related performance factors. Many APMS focus on key performance indicators (KPIs) such as; publications, research projects and patents. However, the new APMS needs to assess the activities and processes that are related to innovation, such as; technology transfer processes, collaborative innovation activities, consultancies and academic spin-offs. For this study a new APMS is applied according to the needs of universities by using a synthetic data based on an engineering department's KPIs. APMS scores are calculated based on the cumulative metric of all research and innovation activities and, weighted according to the needs and considerations of the university. The results of this study show that many of those academicians who have great performance in publications and academic research do not necessarily have high-level performance in innovative activities. In fact the results show that those who had high points in some measurements have very low performance in others. For the management point of view, it may be more effective to position academicians for different roles and assess their performance accordingly as innovation-targeted, teaching-targeted and research-targeted academicians. © 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Inc.
Citation - WoS: 2
Accidental Humor in Consecutive Interpreting: Accidentally Useful Food for Thought
(Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, 2021) Yetkin Karakoç, Nihal
Unlike humor translation, humor in translation, caused by translation errors, is underresearched in translation studies. Accidental humor, as a subgroup of humor, has been analyzed in translation contexts, but to the best knowledge of the author, not in the interpreting context. This descriptive study, being the first of its kind dealing with the accidental humor in consecutive interpreting, is intended to fill the gap in the verbal manifestations of resources in the English-Turkish interpreting context along with the possible reasons for resources of accidental humor in consecutive interpreting class. As a result of the study, a total of 38 accidentally humorous instances are found. The verbal resources are analyzed and divided into main and sub-categories, and for each, examples from the corpus are discussed. In addition, new linguistic resources were discovered, which may be exclusive to this context. The detected items are by no means meant to be exhaustive, as also stated by the former studies, but nevertheless enables greater understanding about the types and possible causes of accidental humor which may occur during the consecutive interpreting process. Given the dearth of literature on accidental humor in consecutive interpreting, this study may provide some insight for remedial teaching/learning in interpreting studies, as well as linguistics. Future studies may examine, among the others, verbal resources in the simultaneous interpreting context and compare the verbal resources in depth in consecutive with those in simultaneous interpreting.
Achieving Sustainable Learning Through Erp Based Supply Chain in Vitro Laboratory
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Gocer, Aysu; Saatcioglu, Omur Yasar; Demir, Muhittin H.; Tuna, Okan; Baltacioglu, Tuncdan; Adali, Erman
In order to enable sustainable learning, practical motivation behind every theory in consideration needs to be experienced extensively. The purpose of this study is to enhance sustainable learning on logistics and supply chain management through an in vitro laboratory environment in which real life supply chain structure is simulated over actual physical flows, and also through enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, and then to measure the level of sustainability achieved. Research is conducted by including a group of students to a hands-on implementation through both physical and computerized applications in this representative business environment. To support the findings, surveys and focus groups are conducted. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Citation - WoS: 5
Citation - Scopus: 6
Achieving Turkey's Indc Target: Assessments of Nccap and Indc Documents and Proposing Conceivable Policies
(Mdpi, 2018) Alkan, Ayla; Oğuş Binatlı, Ayla; Deger, Cagacan
In 2015, Turkey submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) before the Paris Conference of the Parties (COP 21), expressing its intention to decrease emissions level at a rate of 21% from business as usual. This emissions reduction target is important as it is the first one for Turkey. However, Turkey faces unemployment problems and needs to sustain its growth. In this study, an Environmentally Extended Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), based on 2012 Input-Output data, was created, emissions reduction potentials of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) together with the INDC were calculated, and alternative policies to reduce emissions to the target level and to boost the economy were proposed separately. The study finds that both the preparation and implementation of the previous national documents are problematic, and that Turkey was not meticulous about implementation of the climate mitigation policies in the previous national documents. The study also finds that reaching the emissions target with the INDC policies seems impossible and more conceivable policies are needed, and recommends that the INDC target and document itself should be revised substantially.
Aconitine Impedes Cell Motility in Mda-Mb Breast Cancer Cells
(Dokuz Eylul Univ Inst Health Sciences, 2024) Keles, Didem; Sipahi, Murat; Surer, Seniz Inanc; Oktay, Gulgun
Purpose: Aconitine, a potent alkaloid from Aconitum plants, has shown promising anticancer properties. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of aconitine on lateral migration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Material and Methods: A WST-1 viability assay was conducted to determine the effect of aconitine on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. Following treatment with non-cytotoxic doses of aconitine, lateral migration was evaluated through wound healing assays. Additionally, gelatin zymography was conducted to analyze MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and secretion levels. Results: Aconitine concentrations up to 200 mu M did not significantly affect cell viability for up to 72 hours, whereas higher doses (400-600 mu M) reduced viability in a time-dependent manner. Aconitine at 200 mu M showed a trend towards decreased lateral motility, with a significant reduction at 9 hours post-treatment. Gelatin zymography revealed no alterations in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity or secretion levels following aconitine treatment. Conclusion: Aconitine demonstrates limited efficacy in modulating the migratory capacity of MDA-MB231 cells and does not affect gelatinase activity. Further investigation into underlying mechanisms is necessary, potentially leading to novel therapeutic strategies for triple-negative breast cancer.
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Active Particle Aggregate on Complex Bubble Surfaces
(Canadian Science Publishing, Nrc Research Press, 2018) Akguc, Gursoy B.
Recently, colloids have been shown to form complex structures on bubble surfaces on demand. With the help of a high power pulse laser shining on a thin water film, water bubbles can be formed and heat unbalance creates a convective flow, which carries colloids on the surface of these water bubbles to form aggregates. Here, active particles are studied in a similar setup and conditions are laid out to form aggregates on water bubble surfaces. The effect of motility and chirality of active particles on formation of aggregate are discussed. The simulation results obtained here will hopefully help the experimental endeavors in future.
Citation - WoS: 61
Citation - Scopus: 69
Adaptation To Five Metres of Sea Level Rise
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2006) Tol, Richard S. J.; Bohn, Maria; Downing, Thomas E.; Guillerminet, Marie-Laure; Hizsnyik, Eva; Kasperson, Roger; Lonsdale, Kate
There is an unknown but probably small probability that the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) will collapse because of anthropogenic climate change. A WAIS collapse could cause a 5-6 metre global sea level rise within centuries. In three case studies, we investigate the response of society to the most extreme yet not implausible scenario, a five-metre sea level rise within a century, starting in 2030. The case studies combine a series of interviews with experts and stakeholders with a gaming workshop. In the Rhone delta, the most likely option would be retreat, with economic losses, perhaps social losses, and maybe ecological gains. In the Thames estuary, the probable outcome is less clear, but would probably be a mix of protection, accommodation and retreat, with parts of the city centre turned into a Venice of London. A massive downstream barrier is an alternative response. In the Rhine delta (the Netherlands), the initial response would be protection, followed by retreat from the economically less important parts of the country and, probably, from Amsterdam Rotterdam metropolitan region as well. These impacts are large compared to other climate change impacts, but probably small compared to the impacts of the same scenario in other parts of the world. This suggests that the possibility of a anthropogenic-climate-change-induced WAIS collapse would strengthen the case for greenhouse gas emission reduction.
Citation - WoS: 1
Adaptive Video Streaming With H.264 Sp Frames
(Pamukkale Univ, 2012) Sayit, Muge; Tunali, E. Thrhan
In this work, SP frames of the extended profile of H.264 AVC video codec are utilized to obtain efficient switching for actual video streaming experiments on the Internet. An adaptive algorithm is developed and by using this algorithm, performance of SP frames is compared with that of standard I-frame switching. Detailed measurements of network conditions are given for each experiment to indicate that comparisons are carried out in fair conditions. It has been observed that, under certain conditions, SP frames can improve performance considerably whereas in the others, they may only introduce overhead. Based on this observation different GOP patterns are proposed for different video type-congestion level combinations.
Citation - WoS: 3
Citation - Scopus: 5
Adhesive Type's Effects on Adhesive Strength of Densified Reinforced Laminated Wood Obtained From Black Poplar (populus Nigra L.)
(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2023) Yalçın, İlker; Esen, Raşit
Wood material is the most critical indoor and outdoor building element that has not changed since ancient times. Previous studies have determined that the mechanical properties of tree species with low industrial importance, such as poplar wood, can be improved when they are subjected to the densification process. In addition, it has been determined in studies that the lamination process has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the wood material. This study aimed to assess the impact of the glue type on the bonding strength during the lamination process of the densified black poplar (Populus nigra L.) using reinforcement material. Wood materials were subjected to densification at 140 degrees C for 10 min. Then, the densified boards were laminated in 3 layers with a reinforcement element (KevlartiD (R), fiberglass, and carbon fiber) between the two wooden boards. It was determined that the best result was obtained with the combination of Akfix polyurethane resin type and carbon fiber reinforcement material (8.49 N/mm2).
Citation - WoS: 2
Citation - Scopus: 2
Adjuvant Action of Needle-Shaped Bc Microfibrils
(Springer, 2023) Sür, Özge; Gül, Aytul; Hames, Elif Esin; Süer, Özge
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an unbranched biopolymer produced by microorganisms and composed of glucopyranose units linked by beta-1,4 bonds. This study investigates the adjuvant action of needle-shaped BC microfibrils (BCmFs) in vitro using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model antigen. BC produced by the static culture of Komagataibacter xylinus was then microparticled (1-5 mu m) by acid hydrolysis and characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Subsequently, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, cytotoxicity, TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) cytokine secretion, and cellular uptake of the BCmFs-BSA conjugate on the human monocyte cell line (U937) differentiated into macrophages were performed. The microfibrils were determined to be 1-5 mu m in size, needle-shaped, with a zeta potential of - 32 mV. Their conjugation with the model antigen, BSA, was demonstrated by FTIR analysis. In the cytotoxicity assay, BCmFs-BSA in macrophage cells showed high viability (over 70%). Although the highest TNF-alpha cytokine level (113 pg/ml) was obtained with BCmFs-BSA (Bovine serum albumin) conjugate (500 mu g/ml) and was statistically significant (p = 0.0001) compared to the positive control group (BSA-aluminium hydroxide), IL-6 cytokine levels were not statistically different from those in the control group as desired. It has been shown in macrophage-differentiated U937 cells that microbially synthesized BC in the form of needle-shaped microfibrils (BCmFs) has a high cellular uptake capacity and increases the immunogenicity of the antigen. These results demonstrate for the first time that BCmFs have the potential to serve as a vaccine adjuvant.

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